-multiple regimes

-no First Opium War

-as w/o Latin American wars of independence, silver trade is not interrupted

-and so East India trade of opium never gets same steam so early

-but nevertheless, British Isles grows influential in trade and stormwalled in getting Latin American silver

-and so grows it

-following occupation of Manila, British Isles grabs Manila, turns it into an entrepot for the opium trade

-faced with China's Wars > Sino-Portuguese War (1849-52)

1858: Rebels storm Beijing

-1851 Yellow River floods cause social chaos

-Sino-Portuguese War continues

-sees peace, unabashed Portuguese victory

-escalation of British opium trade causes opium to be destroyed, British Wars > Opium Expedition (1853-4) breaks out in 1853

-comes to an end with British honor "satisfied"

-situation gets worse when in 1854 White Lotus style rebels revering Eternal Mother rise up in southern China with mass support

-they link up with Nian rebels

-White Lotus rebels capture Nanjing, guy throned emperor

-rebels increase in power and influence and take Beijing

-forcing Qing to make a base in Manchuria and Mongolia

Reigned from 1854-1858 as "Bright King of the Great Han with the Mandate of Heaven"

-formally crowns himself emperor in Forbidden City, Beijing

-before making his way back to his capital of Nanjing

-rumors that Hui in Northwestern China supporting Bai dynasty

-rumors that Qing plotting to massacre Hui to stop a rebellion

-results in Hui rising up to preempt it in Shaanxi and Gansu

-Bai regiments coming in, fighting in complicated conflict

-in Kashgaria, similar rumors cause larger rebellion

-Kokand filibuster turns in, creates kingdom in Kashgaria

-Bai able to finally take over Northwestern China by 1865, but lost Kashgaria

-Panthay Rebellion in Yunnan, creates an autonomous sultanate

-nominally suzerain to Bai Emperor but largely independent

-sees migration of Hui from Northwestern China to Islamic land

-Dalai Lama sees chaos open up, decides to break away

-invades and takes a lot of Tibetan land with him

-Formosa still run by Qing governor, French come in and help protect it

-French effectively make it puppet over time (French Daughter Republics > Formosan Republic)

-and Qing remnant ends up under Russian influence

-emperor decides against overturning foreign influence (at least for now)

-instead engages in state-building process called the Mingzhi Revolution

-engages in military reforms, builds new shipyards

-railroads, telegraphs, roads constructed nationwide

-extensive industrial development

-rebuilds the yellow river territories after the 1851-1855 chaos

-moderates religious bizarreness, however worship of the Eternal Mother has become the effective state religion

-when during Franco-Portuguese War France tries to take over Macau, China sweeps in

-skirmishes with Qing remnant, not done very well but does gain some land

-and does establish pretty large military on border

-and so continues modernization

-faced with rising democratic movement, establishes a Council of Elders with a Council of Representatives in 1881

-with high census req for second house

-pretty useless guy

-failed attempt to stop him from becoming emperor, but he is stopped

-claims he swapped out name from the Forbidden City successor box

-in response, he purges civil service and cabinet and puts yes men

-steamrolls democratic movement and suppresses it

-after Japanese troops invade Korea (Heads of Japan > 1860-1911 Tokugawa Yoshinobu), Marshal Lee Cheng-chang invades Qing Manchuria w/o orders, which immediately causes Russia's Wars > Russo-Chinese War (1893-9)

-giant, bloody war which culminates in Marshal Lee conquering Vladivostok

-when Marshal Lee returns home, it is clear that he is far more popular than the emperor

-emperor tries to sink Marshal Lee with clearly trumped-up charges

-Marshall Lee, who has extreme popularity, responds by sending troops into major cities, taking over the Forbidden City and successfully does the coup quickly

1901: acclaimed President

1902: ran unopposed

1907: ran unopposed

1912: ran unopposed

1917: ran unopposed

1922: ran unopposed

1927: ran unopposed

1932: ran unopposed

1937: ran unopposed

-pinyin party name: Ziyou Tongyi Dang

-founds Tsuyutungitang (Liberty and Union Party) around him, often called the Unionists

-after enforcing his authority nationwide (he has large following)

-enacts large-scale land reform

1942 def: (TTT)